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Wanita Zimbabwe Memperkosa Pria

Written By Luthfie fadhillah on Monday, March 26, 2012 | 11:27 PM

Wanita Zimbabwe Memperkosa Pria Seolah sudah menjadi kesepakatan sosial bahwa pemerkosaan menempatkan pria sebagai pelaku dan wanita sebagai korban. Tapi, kesepakatan ini segera luruh setelah kita mendengar kisah pemerkosaan di Zimbabwe.

Seperti dikutip Telegraph, sejumlah media lokal memberitakan belakangan ini ada banyak kasus wanita yang nekat melakukan pemerkosaan demi mendapatkan sperma dari seorang laki-laki. Wanita-wanita itu terjebak mitos "Juju" yang menempatkan sperma sebagai simbol keberuntungan.

Susan Dhliwayo, 19, seorang wanita asal Zimbabwe merasakan efek buruk dari pemberitaan itu. "Sekarang banyak pria takut jalan dengan wanita yang baru dikenal. Mereka tidak percaya lagi dengan wanita," katanya.

Sejumlah wanita yang mempercayai mitos sesat itu kerap menyasar pria pendatang. Mereka nekat memberi obat stimulan seksual lalu memaksanya melakukan hubungan intim di bawah ancaman. Kasus ini merebak sejak 2009.

Banyak sosiolog di negara itu mengungkapkan bahwa sperma-sperma yang terkumpul akan digunakan untuk ritual tradisional demi mendapatkan keberuntungan dalam segala hal--mulai dari memajukan bisnis, hingga melindungi diri dari penjahat. "Sungguh tak masuk akal," kata seorang sosiolog dari Universitas Zimbabwe, Tonton Ruparanganda.

Kasus ini bahkan menarik perhatian kelompok hak asasi wanita di negara tersebut. Mereka mengritik media yang seolah-olah telah menghakimi semua wanita sebagai pemerkosa. Mereka mengingatkan ada banyak kasus kekerasan terhadap wanita yang belum terselesaikan. "Yang seharusnya menjadi fokus adalah bagaimana menyelamatkan wanita-wanita itu dari jebakan ritual sesat."
11:27 PM | 0 komentar | Read More

Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia

Written By Luthfie fadhillah on Friday, March 16, 2012 | 5:45 AM

Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia merupakan promosi Yang dilakukan Oleh Minimarket Lokal Terbesar dan Minimarket Pertama Terbaik Indonesia guna untuk menarik Simpati dan Perhatian lebih dari masyarakat untuk menjadi Member Alfamart dan khususnya pecinta Informasi internet dengan menyelenggarakan Promo Indonesia Kontes SEO Alfamart 2012.

Member Alfamart Adalah sebutan untuk para pelanggan setia Alfamart.Para member Alfamart akan mendapatkan berbagai macam keuntungan dan kejutan special dari Alfamart seperti: HematKu, Kalender Belanja, Specialku dan Hadiahku,serta program ekslusif lainnya. Member Alfamart adalah pelanggan yang memiliki dan bergabung dalam keanggotaan Kartu AKU, A Card Flazz atau Kartu AKU BNI Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia

Bagi anda yang suka berbelanja tentunya tidak asing lagi dengan minimarket yang satu ini. Sebagai Minimarket Pertama yang memiliki member terbanyak di Indonesia Alfamart memberikan banyak inovasi untuk memanjakan membernya. Salah satunya adalah dengan konsisten 2 minggu sekali  memberikan Promo khusus untuk member-membernya baik untuk berbelanja di Alfamart atau pun di merchant-merchant yang banyak bekerja sama dengan Alfamart untuk memberikan potongan harga atau harga spesial.

Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia. Promo Indonesia ini diberikan oleh Alfamart sebagai Minimarket pertama yang mempunyai member terbanyak di Indonesia. Ketika mendengar kata "promo" pasti semua orang tertarik, karena pada setiap kegiatan promo pasti akan ada diskon, hadiah atau sesuatu yang menguntungkan lainnya. Dan kabar gembiranya, Alfamart sebagai minimarket besar Indonesia sedang mengadakan penawaran yang menarik, yaitu Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia. Promo Indonesia ini diberikan Alfamart untuk para calon member dan juga member Alfamart.

Minimarket Alfamart yang berdiri sejak tahun 1994 oleh PT. Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk ini yang sekarang sudah memiliki banyak member dan merupakan member terbesar di Minimarket Indonesia. Pertumbuhan  Alfamart di Indonesia sangatlah pesat bak "jamur di musim hujan", terbukti dengan berdirinya cabang-cabang Alfamart yang tidak hanya di kota-kota besar tapi sampai ke pelosok-pelosok kecamatan di seluruh negeri Indonesia.

Alfamart Minimarket Pertama yang memiliki member terbanyak di Indonesia Alfamart Memberikan Motivasi dan Inspirasi serta Inovasi untuk memanjakan membernya. Salah satunya adalah dengan konsisten 2 minggu sekali  memberikan Promo Indonesia khusus untuk Member Alfamart baik untuk berbelanja di Alfamart Minimarket atau pun di merchant-merchant yang banyak bekerja sama dengan Alfamart Minimarket untuk memberikan potongan harga atau harga spesial.

KARTU AKU Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia

    Kartu Aku

Adalah kartu member yang pertama kali diluncurkan Alfamart pada tahun 2005. Dengan Kartu AKU, Member akan dapat memperoleh manfaat dan berbagai macam keuntungan serta Promo Indonesia menarik yang tidak dapat diikuti oleh pelanggan lain yang bukan merupakan member Kartu AKU. Kartu AKU berlaku Nasional di Alfamart seluruhIndonesia.

A CARD FINAL Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia
    A Card Flazz

Adalah Kartu Member Alfamart yang di luncurkan pada 15 Mei 2010 bekerja sama dengan Flazz BCA, yang selain berfungsi sebagai kartu member juga dapat digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran/transaksi karena A Card Flazz merupakan Kartu Prepaid (kartu non rekening yang dapat menyimpan uang untuk keperluan berbagai transaksi).

A Card Flazz dapat digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran tidak hanya diseluruh outlet Alfamart, Alfamidi ataupun Alfaexpress tetapi juga diseluruh merchant Flazz antara lain restoran, salon, toko buku, parkir, bioskop dan masih banyak lagi. Untuk sementara ini, A Card Flazz berlaku di Jabodetabek,Surabaya

KARTU AKU BNI Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia
    Kartu Aku BNI

Merupakan salah satu Kartu Member Alfamart yang di luncurkan pada 1 Januari 2010, merupakan kerjasama antara Alfamart dengan Bank BNI. Kartu AKU BNI merupakan kartu multifungsional, yang selain berfungsi sebagai kartu member, juga berfungsi sebagai alat pembayaran. Pengguna Kartu AKU BNI juga akan mendapatkan berbagai keuntungan dan kejutan spesial dari Alfamart serta tentunya dapat mengikuti program-program eksklusif khusus member di Alfamart. Untuk saat ini, Kartu AKU BNI berlaku di Alfamart Jabodetabek.
8 Keuntungan Member Alfamart

   1. Hematku dan Kalender Belanja
   2. Spesialku dan Hadiahku
   3. Special Big Program for "Member Alfamart"
   4. Redemption For "Member Alfamart"
   5. Member Alfamart" Thematic Promo
   6. Special Treatment for "Member Alfamart" Birthday
   7. Special Event/Activities For "Member Alfamart"
   8. Merchant For "Member Alfamart"

 

Demikianlah penjelasan singkat tentang  Promo Member Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia Semoga dapat bermanfaat dan memberikan pengetahuan Lebih kepada masyarakat agar dapat bergabung menjadi Member Alfamart dan pastikan anda mendapakan keuntungan dan manfaat lebih dari Alfamart Minimarket Lokal Terbaik Indonesia
5:45 AM | 0 komentar | Read More

Resep Menikah Awet Sampai Tua

Resep Menikah Awet Sampai tua  Pernikahan yang langgeng dan bahagia menjadi dambaan setiap pasangan. Namun, tak mudah untuk mewujudkannya. Meski demikian, bukan berarti Anda harus pesimistis. Banyak cara untuk membuat ikatan pernikahan Anda dan suami berjalan lancar serta harmonis.

Berdasarkan sebuah survei di London terungkap bahwa yang paling penting dari sebuah pernikahan adalah kemurahan hati dan pengertian dari pasangan. Menurut penelitian, hal tersebut menjadi yang utama dalam meraih kebahagiaan dalam pernikahan.

Dan hal itu dibenarkan oleh artis Bollywood, Shruti Seth. Seth yang menikah dengan sineas film Denmark, Danish Alam mengatakan ia senang karena suaminya memberikan waktu ia untuk menonton televisi. Sederhana memang tapi cukup berarti bagi pasangan.

"Kami hanya memiliki satu televisi di rumah. Dan ia memberikan saya waktu menonton televisi selama beberapa jam," kata Seth seperti dikutip dari TimesofIndia.

Wanita juga senang dimanjakan. Begitu juga pria. Memberikan hadiah kejutan untuk pasangan juga salah satu cara yang bisa membuat hubungan suami istri tetap mesra dan hangat.

Berdasarkan survei terhadap 1.400 pasangan di Inggris, ditemukan bahwa memberikan hadiah untuk memperlihatkan kasih sayang, membuat mereka lima kali lebih mungkin memiliki pernikahan yang bahagia.

Kehidupan seks pasangan suami istri juga mempunyai peranan penting dalam menjaga keharmonisan rumah tangga. Ditambah rasa saling percaya dan memaafkan serta komunikasi yang baik, akan semakin memperkuat jalinan ikatan pernikahan.
3:47 AM | 0 komentar | Read More

Gabung Obat Kimia-Herbal Beresiko

Written By Luthfie fadhillah on Tuesday, March 6, 2012 | 8:13 AM

Gabung Obat Kimia-Herbal Beresiko Penggunaan obat kimia modern dan obat herbal, termasuk jamu, secara bersamaan untuk mengobati penyakit tertentu harus dilakukan secara hati-hati. Penggabungan secara serampangan bisa memperburuk kesehatan.

"Butuh pengetahuan dan penelitian lebih banyak untuk menggabungkan penggunaan jamu dan obat kimia secara bersamaan," kata Ketua Program Studi Pengobatan Tradisional, Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Airlangga, Arijanto Jonosewojo, dalam simposium "Pentingnya Kualitas Ekstrak Obat Herbal sebagai Produk Perawatan Kesehatan dan Agen Terapetik" di Jakarta, Kamis (9/2).

Uji klinik yang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum dr Soetomo, Surabaya, menunjukkan, penggunaan obat antikolesterol simvastatin ataupun campuran daun jambu, temu lawak, dan jati belanda (obat tradisional) memberikan hasil yang baik jika digunakan secara sendiri-sendiri. Tetapi, jika digabung, hasilnya justru buruk.

Hal yang sama terjadi pada penggunaan metformin dan teh hitam untuk mengobati diabetes. Jika kedua obat itu digunakan sendiri-sendiri, bisa menurunkan kadar gula darah rata-rata selama 1-3 bulan (HbA1C) hampir sama. Namun, jika digabung, penurunan HbA1C justru sangat kecil.

"Jika ingin menggabungkan, obat modern sebaiknya diminum lebih dulu. Setelah 1-2 jam, baru minum obat herbal," katanya.

Zat aktif dalam obat kimia umumnya lebih cepat diserap tubuh. Adapun obat herbal, selain lebih lambat diserap tubuh, terkadang bersifat mengikat zat dari obat kimia. Akibatnya, efek obat kimia jadi tidak maksimal.

Arijanto, yang juga Kepala Poliklinik Obat Tradisional Indonesia RSU dr Soetomo, mengingatkan, ginseng tidak boleh digabung dengan obat digoxin (obat jantung) karena akan memperburuk kondisi jantung.

Selain itu, bawang putih yang juga merupakan obat herbal antikoagulan tidak boleh digabung dengan obat kimia golongan asetasol atau clopidopril. Hal ini akan menimbulkan perdarahan.

"Masyarakat masih menganggap obat herbal lebih baik dibandingkan obat kimia. Padahal, tidak ada obat herbal yang 100 persen aman dan tidak semua obat kimia buruk," katanya.

Belum berkembang

Meski bangsa Indonesia mengenal dan merasakan manfaat tanaman obat sejak lama, hingga kini industri obat tradisional Indonesia belum berkembang.

Direktur Standardisasi Obat Tradisional, Kosmetik, dan Produk Komplemen, Badan Pengawas Obat dan Makanan, Hary Wahyu Triestanto Wibowo mengatakan, saat ini baru terdaftar 6 fitofarmaka dan 31 obat herbal terstandar. Adapun jamu jumlahnya mencapai ribuan.

Jamu adalah tingkat terendah dalam pengelompokan obat tradisional Indonesia. Disusul obat herbal terstandar dan fitofarmaka sebagai tingkat tertinggi.

Untuk meningkatkan status jamu menjadi obat herbal terstandar, harus ada uji nonklinik. Untuk menjadi fitofarmaka, harus dilakukan uji klinik dan uji nonklinik. Proses uji itu butuh biaya investasi besar.

Karena itu, banyak produsen jamu enggan meningkatkan status produknya karena dengan status jamu saja sudah laku. "Produsen hanya akan meningkatkan status produknya menjadi obat herbal terstandar atau fitofarmaka untuk meyakinkan keamanan produknya pada konsumen dan kepentingan ekspor," ujarnya.

Rudy Susilo dari Evoria GmbH, Jerman, mengatakan, pengolahan obat herbal di Indonesia banyak yang tak memenuhi standar. Orientasi bisnis produsen lebih besar sehingga kurang memperhatikan aspek keamanan obat bagi konsumen.

Untuk mendapatkan obat herbal yang baik, seluruh proses produksi, mulai dari penanaman tanaman obat, perawatan, panen, pengeringan, ekstraksi, penyimpanan, pembuatan obat, hingga distribusinya, tidak bisa dilakukan asal-asalan.

Bahan baku obat herbal harus bebas dari logam berat, jamur, ataupun pestisida. Proses produksi harus dilakukan secara modern, sama seperti yang dilakukan sebagian obat herbal China.

Menurut Rudy, obat herbal tidak perlu diragukan manfaatnya. Yang harus dijaga adalah agar obat herbal aman dikonsumsi.

"Obat herbal sudah digunakan sejak ratusan tahun lalu dan menunjukkan khasiatnya," katanya.

Obat herbal, demikian Arijanto, sebaiknya digunakan untuk mencegah penyakit, meningkatkan kesehatan, pemulihan, dan mengurangi penderitaan pasien.

Untuk penyembuhan penyakit, masih disarankan menggunakan obat kimia. Dokter dapat memberikan obat herbal untuk melengkapi obat kimia dengan syarat ada permintaan tertulis dari pasien.
8:13 AM | 0 komentar | Read More

Korupsi setara Perubahan Iklim

Written By Luthfie fadhillah on Monday, March 5, 2012 | 2:37 AM

Perubahan iklim telah menjadi ancaman bagi keberlanjutan spesies manusia di bumi. Bagi masyarakat di negara berkembang, yang rentan terdampak, ancaman itu kian serius karena upaya adaptasi dan mitigasi terhadap perubahan iklim rentan dibajak koruptor.

Pesan tentang pentingnya mewaspadai korupsi dalam perubahan iklim    ditegaskan dalam International Anti-Corruption Conference (IACC) Ke-14 di Bangkok, Thailand, pada 10-13 November 2010. Sejumlah sesi secara khusus membahas korupsi yang bisa menggagalkan upaya adaptasi dan mitigasi terhadap perubahan iklim itu.

Laporan teranyar Global Humanitarian Forum (The Anatomy of Silent Crisis, Geneva, 2009) menyebutkan, perubahan iklim menyebabkan kematian 300.000 orang dalam setahun dan berdampak pada hidup 325 juta orang. Banjir, kekeringan, topan, naiknya muka air laut, gelombang panas, gagal panen, hingga meningkatnya penyebaran berbagai penyakit hanya sebagian contoh dari dampak perubahan iklim yang telah hadir.

Namun, negara yang paling terdampak dan membutuhkan bantuan untuk beradaptasi adalah juga yang paling korup. Berdasarkan survei Transparency International (TI) 2010, hampir semua negara rentan terhadap perubahan iklim memiliki Indeks Persepsi Korupsi (IPK) di bawah 3,5 (dari skala 10).

Negara dengan IPK terendah adalah Somalia, yaitu 1,1, diikuti Myanmar dengan nilai 1,4 dan Afganistan juga 1,4. Indonesia, sebagai salah satu negara kepulauan yang juga rentan terdampak, memiliki IPK 2,8 atau peringkat ke-110 dari 178 negara yang disurvei.

Korupsi jalan terus

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) dan Bank Dunia memperkirakan komunitas internasional membutuhkan dana 170 miliar-765 miliar dollar AS per tahun untuk menghadapi perubahan iklim. Walau jumlah dana yang dibutuhkan sudah dihitung, tetap saja belum ada kesepakatan bagaimana uang itu dikumpulkan, didistribusikan, dan dimonitoring. Di tengah ketidakpastian ini, korupsi sudah mengintai.

UNFCCC di Kopenhagen 2009 berkomitmen mengalokasikan dana 30 miliar dollar AS pada 2010-2012, dan menjadi 100 miliar dollar AS pada 2020, untuk membantu negara berkembang beradaptasi terhadap perubahan iklim. "Semakin besar dana yang mengalir, potensi korupsi juga besar," kata Iftekhar Zaman, Direktur Eksekutif TI Banglades.

Besarnya potensi korupsi dalam pengelolaan dana untuk menghadapi perubahan iklim, kata Iftekhar, karena belum ada kemajuan dan perubahan integritas di kalangan politisi, khususnya di negara berkembang. "Lebih dari separuh politisi korup," katanya, mengacu pada studi yang dilakukan di Banglades. Apa yang terjadi jika uang itu digelontorkan sebelum politisi korup menyadari gentingnya dampak perubahan iklim terhadap rakyat?

Hakan Tropp, penasihat pada Program Pembangunan PBB (UNDP) Water Governance Facility (WGF), menilai, korupsi menyebabkan biaya adaptasi kian mahal, tak terjangkau pendanaan yang ada, dan jauh dari sasaran. "Padahal, yang paling terdampak adalah yang paling miskin," katanya.

Menurut Hakan, potensi korupsi juga besar jika mekanisme yang dipakai masih sama seperti proyek multinasional sebelumnya. "Apakah kita masih mau mengirimkan dana melalui proyek Bank Dunia seperti sebelumnya?" ujarnya. Dia menyarankan agar dicari terobosan baru yang lebih transparan dan tidak top down dalam penyaluran dana adaptasi ke negara yang membutuhkan.

Pengalaman masa lalu mengajarkan, proyek yang didanai melalui lembaga keuangan multinasional dengan mekanisme top down dan minim partisipasi lokal rentan dikorup, selain juga salah sasaran dan memicu konflik. Direktur Bank Dunia Sri Mulyani, yang menjadi pembicara dalam pembukaan konferensi, menyatakan, Bank Dunia kini punya komitmen tinggi terhadap pemberantasan korupsi.

Belajar dari kegagalan proyek yang disalurkan lewat pemerintah, menurut Hakan, penentu kebijakan global kini juga tengah menjajaki kemungkinan penyaluran dana adaptasi melalui sektor swasta. Namun, di banyak negara berkembang, sektor swasta juga tak kalah korup dibandingkan pemerintahnya.

Menurut Hakan, prasyarat yang harus disiapkan sebelum menerapkan program adaptasi di negara berkembang adalah meningkatkan integritas pemerintah dan sektor swastanya. Selain itu, juga meningkatkan partisipasi gerakan sipil untuk turut mengawasi.

Susannah Kinghan, konsultan dari Water Integrity Network (WIN), menyebutkan, salah satu titik rentan korupsi dalam adaptasi adalah sektor air. Mengingat besarnya dampak perubahan iklim pada masalah air, alokasi dana ke sektor ini juga besar.

Masalah menjadi lebih kompleks karena air lekat dengan masalah politik dan konflik lintas batas negara. Ia mencontohkan Sungai Yordan, yang menjadi sumber konflik antara Israel, Jordania, dan Palestina. Contoh lain adalah konflik perebutan air Sungai Mekong yang melibatkan China, Myanmar, hingga Thailand.

Susannah juga menyebutkan tentang tren korupsi berupa penyesatan informasi untuk menutupi tanggung jawab yang mestinya dipikul pemerintah. Ia mencontohkan banjir di Pakistan dan Banglades, yang oleh otoritas setempat disebutkan karena perubahan iklim. Padahal, banjir itu juga karena kerusakan hutan dan buruknya tata kelola air.

Contoh itu mengingatkan pada kasus banjir dan longsor di Wasior, Papua Barat, serta kasus lain di Indonesia. Pemerintah biasa menyalahkan alam. Membuka akses informasi, kata Susannah, bisa mencegah korupsi karena itu artinya publik turut berpartisipasi aktif sejak dari perencanaan hingga pengawasan.

Upaya mengatasi perubahan iklim mensyaratkan perubahan cara pandang untuk tak lagi melihat permasalahan sebagai business as usual, apalagi korupsi as usual. Namun, faktanya, negara maju, pembuang emisi karbon terbesar, sibuk bersiasat untuk menghindar dari tanggung jawab. Di negara berkembang, korupsi masih jalan terus dan belum ada tanda menjadi lebih baik.
2:37 AM | 0 komentar | Read More

CHEST WALL PAIN

Written By Luthfie fadhillah on Friday, March 18, 2011 | 3:59 AM

Cervical Disk:
A cervical disk may irritate the nerve roots going to the chest wall and produce chronic chest pain that is aggravated by walking and certain body positions. The pain tends to be more superficial than that seen with obstructive coronary artery disease and is more likely to be present at rest.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome:
The nerves and blood vessels that enter the arm often have to go through a bottleneck of muscles. If a blood vessel or a nerve is kinked by a muscle or a rib, arm and chest pain may develop that is associated with walking. Since exertional chest pain is a hallmark of coronary artery disease, it is easy to see why confusion may arise. The pain is induced by swinging of the arms, and can be reproduced by elevating the arm and rotating it.

Tietze's Syndrome:
Inflammation and swelling of the cartilage between the rib and breastbone (costochondral or chondrosternal joints is known as Tietze's syndrome. Such chest pain tends to be superficial rather than deep, is aggravated by breathing, and is very tender if the area is pressed.

Tenderness of the muscles of the chest wall:
A variety of factors may be responsible for tenderness of chest wall muscles including injury from direct trauma (usually several days before the onset of pain), coughing, and weight lifting causing a pulled muscle. Usually the chest pain is localized to a small area, is brief while it lasts, is aggravated by chest wall movements, turning, twisting and deep breathing, and may last many hours.

Herpes Zoster:
A severe skin rash that does not spread beyond the midline, may cause extreme chest pain in the pre-eruptive stage. Typically the skin is extremely sensitive over the involved area. Herpes may not be suspected until the skin eruption actually occurs.

Hyperventilation Syndrome:
An extremely common cause of chest pain is the hyperventilation syndrome. Hyperventilation is simply over breathing as a result of anxiety or fear. It also has been called panic attacks. Typically the subject unconsciously starts to breath more rapidly and deeply when under stress. The over breathing is often interspersed with deep sighs. In its acute form it will quickly produce a variety of symptoms including lightheadedness, dizziness, a far away feeling, numbness, palpitations, blurred visions, flushing, and tingling of the hands and around the mouth. Sometimes the victim will even faint. In its milder form, the subject may be constantly over breathing throughout the day. In so doing there is increased use of the chest muscles. If there is enough overuse of these muscles, they will become painful producing chest pain. Usually the victim is not consciously aware that he is over breathing, but rather feels short of breath. When this is associated with pounding of one's heart, dizziness, blurred vision and the other symptoms of hyperventilation, it is not hard to understand the panic that may accompany this disorder. Because the symptoms are due to over breathing and blowing off of carbon dioxide from the lungs, the chest pain and shortness of breath do not occur during exertion but rather at rest. Indeed, physical exertion, which will produce carbon dioxide, makes the victim feel better.

Primary Muscle Pain:
This includes some poorly understood disorders that have been called fibrositis, fibromyalgia, myalgia and neuralgia. The pain of these disorders tend to be chronic and ill-defined by the patient, are usually not related to exertion, and are confined to localized areas of the chest in locations that are different than what is seen with cardiac pain. The patient is usually more concerned about the significance of the symptoms, and whether it is a sign of heart disease rather than the intensity of the pain.

Cancer
may originate or spread to any structure in the chest including the heart and cause chest pain. Such pain tends to be continuous and not related to physical exertion. The diagnosis often may be made by a chest x-ray. Cancer also may spread to the spine and vertebrae with irritation of the nerve roots that go to the chest. Such pain may be quite severe and will not respond to the usual cardiac medications.
3:59 AM | 0 komentar | Read More

CHEST PAIN FROM OTHER AREAS WITHIN THE CHEST

Lungs:
A variety of disorders involving the lung may be associated with chest pain. Pneumonia is one of the most common, particularly when it involves the lining of the surface of the lung known as the pleura. Inflammation of the pleura is called pleurisy. Pleuritic pain tend to be sharp, and of brief duration when it is present. Typically it may come and go over a period of hours, and tends to occur only during inspiration. When associated with pneumonia, it is usually accompanied by a cough and fever. It also may be a symptom of a pulmonary embolism (see below), the site of metastasis of a malignant tumor, or a sign of one of the autoimmune diseases such as lupus erythematosus. Although pleurisy tends to be localized to a relatively small area of the chest, at times, with the more infectious type, the chest pain may be generalized and cause shortness of breath.

Pulmonary Embolism:
Another major cause of chest pain is a pulmonary embolism. An embolism is a mobile blood clot that usually occurs after a surgical procedure, particularly if the patient has been lying immobile in bed for several days. Immobility and the stress of surgery are associated with stasis of blood in the lower extremities and pelvis. This encourages the formation of blood clots in these areas. An injury to the lower extremities also may result in the formation of a clot, days or even weeks later. Whatever the origin, portions of the clot may break off and migrate to the lungs. This is most likely to occur when attempts are made to ambulate a patient in the post-operative period. Usually such a clot lodges in the small blood vessels in the lung. If the clot is a large one, it may be associated with coughing up of blood, shortness of breath, pain intensified by deep breathing, and even sudden death. The pain associated with a pulmonary embolism may be indistinguishable from both cardiac ischemia and the pain of an acute heart attack. Chest pain may be the first clue that a clot is present in the legs or thighs. In general, prolonged bed rest for any reason encourages the formation of blood clots in the lower half of the body followed by a pulmonary embolus. Usually the diagnosis of an embolism can be made by chest x-ray, however, special tests and procedures may be required in more obscure cases.

Pneumothorax:
A pneumothorax is an important cause of chest pain. It occurs when air perforates the outer surface of the lung forcing ambient air into the chest cavity. When this happens, the victim suffers chest pain followed by collapse of the perforated lung and shortness of breath. Usually the pain is in the lateral chest rather than the center of the chest, and it may be aggravated by breathing. The diagnosis of pneumothorax can readily be made with a chest x-ray. It also may be identified on physical examination, if the doctor takes the trouble to listen to both lungs.

Mediastinal emphysema
refers to the presence of air in the central portion of the chest cavity that contains the heart. Because the air may create pressure and stretching of the structures and nerves within the mediastinum, severe chest pain may result. In addition, because the stretched nerves involve the same nerve roots as the nerves coming from the heart, it may be very similar to cardiac pain. Usually the pain is more superficial and tends to be modified by respiration and body position. This disorder can be diagnosed by a chest x-ray.

Pulmonary Hypertension
is a rare cause of chest pain. As you might infer, this is an elevation of the pressure in the pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary artery is the artery that exits from the right ventricle. Before it enters the lungs and branches into tiny blood vessels, it contains unoxygenated, venous blood. A number of diseases may cause the pressure in the pulmonary artery to become elevated including various forms of congenital heart disease, mitral stenosis (obstruction of the mitral valve), chronic lung disease, and primary pulmonary hypertension. Although primary pulmonary hypertension is an extremely rare disease, it has recently been found to be a side effect of certain medications used for weight loss. The chest pain associated with pulmonary hypertension occurs with exertion and is relieved by rest, and may be indistinguishable from the chest pain associated with cardiac ischemia. Indeed, it is thought that the pain seen in this condition is due to ischemia of the right ventricle. Except for chronic lung disease, the various conditions giving rise to pulmonary hypertension occur in a much younger group of people, and the chest pain that develops does not respond to the usual cardiac medications. The diagnosis of all these disorders can be made from a careful physical examination, chest x-ray, and even the electrocardiogram.

Aortic Valve Disease:
The aortic valve is the exit valve of the heart and all blood must leave the heart through this opening. Immediately after the aorta exits from the heart, the coronary arteries arise and supply the heart muscle with blood. If the aortic valve is diseased and obstructed, the blood flow exiting from the heart eventually will be reduced, even though the pressure within the left ventricular chamber becomes markedly elevated. At the same time, the pressure within the aorta beyond the valve will be reduced, and the amount it is reduced depends upon how obstructed the aortic valve becomes. If pre-existing coronary artery disease is present, a previously insignificant degree of narrowing in a coronary artery may now become very significant. The result will be a reduction in blood flow and chest pain. Usually, if significant aortic stenosis is present, the murmur associated with it is readily heard. Unfortunately, the modern cardiologist has become so technology oriented that frequently he does not even bother to listen to a patient's heart with a low technology instrument such as the stethoscope. Even if he does so conscientiously, the blood flow through the valve may be so reduced that no murmur can be heard.

Mitral Valve Prolapse
has been claimed to cause chest pain. There is no anatomical reason why mitral valve prolapse should cause chest pain. Because both this disorder and recurring chest patient pain are so common, mitral valve prolapse is often discovered coincidentally in the evaluation of a patient with chest pain symptoms. Also, mitral valve prolapse may accompany obstructive coronary artery disease; however it is the coronary artery disease that produces the chest pain and not the mitral valve prolapse.

Pericarditis:
This is due to an inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart called the pericardium, and is accompanied by unique changes in the electrocardiogram. Viral and bacterial infections may sometimes involve the pericardium and will produce chest pain very similar to that seen with cardiac pain. The pain of pericarditis, however, is aggravated by deep breathing and influenced by changes in body position. It may cease when the breath is held or if the victim leans forward. Pericarditis is not a common disorder. Because of its similarity to cardiac pain, and the unique changes seen on the electrocardiogram, it easily can be mistaken for an impending heart attack. If coincidental coronary artery disease is found on an angiogram, and if the doctor seeing the patient is an aggressive cardiologist, potentially dangerous coronary artery bypass surgery may be performed that not only is unnecessary, but possibly harmful to the patient.

Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta
is enlargement and separation of the wall of the aorta, the main artery exiting from the heart. When present, it may cause chest pain and be mistaken for an acute heart attack. When chest pain is present, it usually is severe, may involve the back and even the abdomen, and is a medical emergency. If the artery ruptures through the weakened portion of the aortic wall, death is immediate. Milder forms of dissection may be confused with a heart attack but can usually be diagnosed by a simple chest x-ray. However, if an x-ray is not taken, and the patient is made to undergo angiograms, there will be prolonged delay during which the aneurysm may rupture.

Syphilis:
While syphilis is rarely seen today, it occasionally does occur, particularly in individuals who spent their earlier years in undeveloped countries where this disease is still prevalent. The lesions of syphilis have a predilection for the ostia of the coronary arteries; that is, where the coronary arteries exit from the aorta just above the aortic valves. By causing marked narrowing of the ostia, blood flow is markedly reduced in the coronary arteries. This will cause chest pain that is identical to that caused by obstructive coronary artery disease. Surgical intervention as well as antibiotic treatment of the syphilis are the recommended forms of therapy.

Premature Beats
may be accompanied by a sharp, stabbing pain over the heart area, and occasionally may be associated with a fleeting choking sensation. Usually such symptoms occur at rest and decrease during physical activity, but may reoccur when activity ceases.
3:57 AM | 0 komentar | Read More

The Rapid Spread of Disease

Written By Luthfie fadhillah on Saturday, March 12, 2011 | 10:29 PM

Section Head of Health Office of Disease Eradication Tasikmalaya regency Joseph Romli similar opinion. He suspected that climate change is one factor that can not be removed from the emergence of chikungunya disease in southern Tasikmalaya last few months. In the last two months no fewer than 350 people in District Cikalong, Karangnunggal, Cikatomas, and Pancatengah affected by chikungunya.

The emergence of chikungunya in Tasikmalaya almost simultaneously with the Ciamis. In fact, there are about 1,000 cases of chikungunya in Ciamis findings in the same period.

Lukman added, an unhealthy environment can also lead to more rapid spread of disease. Rice fields and ponds in the neighborhood where the discovery of 13 people who tested positive for microfilariae in Kampung Cimertug, Bantarkalong Village, District Cipatujah, mid last year, turned out to be a nest of mosquitoes. If the patient does not promptly treated, the disease will further spread.

Preventive efforts

Many people know about infectious diseases and to understand the importance of healthy behavior. However, this is often not followed up with real practice in daily life.

Therefore, said the head of Research and Development Loka P2B2 Ciamis Lewis, it's time all parties notice of preventive and promotive in the eradication of infectious diseases. "The handling of the disease in the downstream would not be completed and tend to spend a lot of cost. Therefore, the upstream side must also be worked out," he said.

In addition to the eradication of mosquito breeding that has been commonly known by the community, according to Joseph, there's one more thing that is part of efforts to prevent disease and can be done in the southern region which is still widespread vegetation cover, which does not damage the forest. Forests that are left will be sort of a place of natural insulation spreader animal diseases.
10:29 PM | 0 komentar | Read More

spread of disease due to weather anomalies

Diphtheria disease is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium Diphteriae. The disease is easily spread and attack the upper respiratory tract with symptoms of high fever, swelling of the tonsils (tonsils) and led to gross membrane h deputy that grew larger and potentially close the airways.

Besides inhibiting the respiratory tract, diphtheria toxin can also damage the heart muscle resulting in heart failure. Transmission of the disease is generally by air, by coughing or sneezing and through contaminated objects or food bacteria.

Post-forth and back widths

Pawik revealed, in addition to weather anomalies, panyakit diphtheria infection also caused by the mobility of society at the time of Eid. He cited, in the region had not found Situbondo diphtheria. However, after emerging settlers from Madura, the disease grows.

In addition to the displacement of the population, inadequate immunization may also lead to the emergence of diphtheria. According Pawik, during these many mothers who do not fully immunize their children because on average only 80 percent immunization.

Diphtheria disease prevention through immunization is considered the most effective. Immunizations are usually given together with tetanus and pertussis immunization three times since the baby was two months with a hose injection of one to two months. This immunization will provide active immunity against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus at the same time.
10:27 PM | 0 komentar | Read More

Disease Prevention Priorities So

Prevention of spread of epidemic diseases into health protection priorities refugee flood victims in the Gulf Wasior Wondama, West Papua.

"Preventive action also remain to be done to avoid a decline in the quality of refugee health. Psychological and physical condition of refugees fairly weak. This requires intensive treatment of all parties, at least until the emergency response phase is completed, "explains Refugee Health Coordinator post in Manokwari, West Papua, Victor Eka Nugraha Putra,

He added that there are four potential disease outbreaks of concern, namely acute respiratory infections (ARI), diarrhea, malaria, and measles. Yesterday, the number of patients are still hospitalized ARD reached 54 people, diarrhea 5 people, while malaria is 5 people.

The rise of ARI, according to Victor, due to the dusty conditions of shelter and heat. Refugees who live in emergency tents often mixed dust inhalation. Similarly, he continued, causing diarrhea.

Problem finding cases of malaria in flood victim, Victor sure, the virus comes from Wasior, instead of evacuation. "To watch the emergence of malaria, pregnant women and babies have got 92 mosquito nets with insecticide," he said.

In addition to curative measures, health teams are also doing some preventive things. Among them, said Victor again, providing motivation for breast-feeding for mothers who carried five health counselors alternately. There are indications, in refugee mothers stop breastfeeding and replace it with formula. "We are concerned, the baby in the evacuation will suffer malnutrition if only to get the intake of milk formula," he said.

In addition, continued Victor, there are also mental assistance, with the help of psychiatrists, psychologists, and nurses soul. The goal, to help refugees overcome the trauma of prolonged pascabanjir flash
10:22 PM | 0 komentar | Read More
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